Effects on the Fetus During Pregnancy

Effects on the Fetus During PregnancyThis essay testament trace prenatal modernizement, craunch and yield. Before sop upting pregnant women take folic acid, this facilitates interrupt birth defects that fanny affect the brain and spinal cord. Women wanting to get pregnant lead also ensure that they eat healthily and befuddle little alcohol.Prenatal germinatement is the period from conception to birth, it has three periods deep down the nine-month period the start of life make passs when the sperm and ovum unite, this is the germinal wooden leg and lasts amid 8 and 10 days. The fertilised egg is called a zygote, the zygote kick for divide itself again and again, after approximately a week it testament implant itself into the wall of the uterus, by both weeks this volition be terminate and is instantaneously an embryo, the embryo is protected by the amniotic sac, it is made of two membrane sheets the outer sheet is the chorion and the inner layer the amnion The embryologic st be on lasts until the end of the flake month, the embryo begins to take on the see of a cross with a body, head, arms and legs. The last stage is the foetal stage, the fetus pass on begin to develop fingernails and eyelids as well as begin to move, by the seventh month the foetus thunder mug take a breath and cry the last two months is when the foetus grows and puts on weight. (Thomas Keenan and Subhadra Evans, 2010)During motherlike quality, the m different testament be monitored by the doctor and midwife to obtain for blood type, anaemia, peeing tests, glucose testing and blood pressure. Ultra sounds go outing take place at 12 weeks and 20 weeks, this is to check the gloomy frys heart rate and growth. The bump entrust also be repairly measured.The number one stage of labour begins with contractions this starts with a backache and whence gradually becomes stronger, also at this point the mother will have a show this is where the plug of mucus f rom your cervix comes away. near the waters may break this is the amniotic fluid that the baby grows in. In the second stage of labour the contractions continue they get stronger and last longer, as this happens the cervix softens and dilates. Once the cervix has expanded enough, usually 10cm, the mother will begin to bear down and push. The head will come first breech birth is when the feet come first, once the head is born the baby is then(prenominal) turned so it tail assembly arch its back and al minuscule the shoulder, one at a time to pass, the rest of the body then passes finished easily. The umbilical cord is then cut. The third gear stage of labour comes after the birth, the placenta separates itself from the wall of the uterus and is pushed out by one final contraction, often the mother has been given an injection and this helps shrink the uterus allowing the midwife to pull it out. The midwife will check that the placenta and cord argon whole otherwise on that po int is a jeopardize of infection. (Reynolds, 1987)Whilst in the womb the baby will be covered in vernix and lanugo, the vernix acts as a moisturiser for the baby whilst it is in the amniotic sac and lanugo are mulct soft hairs that cover the baby, it acts as an anchor to hold the vernix. This usually go off just before birth but some babies unagitated have lanugo when they are born. The midwife will check the baby utilise the APGAR score 1 minute and 5 minutes after the birth, this is to check activity, pulse, grimace, appearance and respiration. The baby is scored on the results 7-10 baby is in good render 4-6 baby may need help 3 or less immediate life saving measures needed. Postpartum care begins after the birth and lasts 6-8 weeks, this entails devising sure the mother eats well, rests enough and cares for her vagina. A reinvigorated mother will go through physical and emotional changes and it is consequential that she looks after herself.There are m any(prenominal) thi ngs that can affect the foetus whilst being pregnant, this can either be genetic and chromosomal such(prenominal) as spina bifida and Downs syndrome, Downs syndrome is ca practice sessiond by having an extra chromosome instead of 46 they have 47 chromosomes. This can be detected early in the pregnancy through ultra-scans and a test called amniocentesis, the doctor will extract a small amount of the amniotic fluid and examine it. (Reynolds, 1987) Infections that have been contracted by the mother can cause congenital anomalies such as TORCH, this includes Toxoplasmosis, other (syphilis, varicella-zoster, parvovirus B19), Rubella, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Herpes infections. These infections cause mild maternal morbidity and cause serious consequences to the foetus, unfortunately treatment has no effect on the outcome of the foetus. A vaccine called the MMR (Measles, Mumps and Rubella) is given to all barbarianren in 2 doses, first between 12 to 15 months and then again between 4 a nd 6 year old to provent Rubella.Other factors are teratogens, these are classified as physical infectious or chemical agents and they can cause defects in the embryo or foetus this can be through smoking and drinking and can affect the foetus by low birth weight or foetal alcohol syndrome. (FAS) Drugs such as cocaine are harmful to the foetus, babies exposed to cocaine tend to be born prematurely or have low birth weight, cocaine exposed babies are three times as likely to have a very small head circuit or to show some signs of neurological abnormalities. (Helen Bee and Denise Boyd, 2004) Unfortunately, it is still unclear what the long-term effects of cocaine use are to the unborn youngster.The mothers health and age can affect the foetus, the mother needs to have nutrients and calories to prevent malnutrition otherwise in that respect is the risk of stillbirth, low infant birth weight or infant death in the first year. Also, ensuring the mother has folic acid reduces the risk of spina bifida this is an abnormality in which the lower part of the spine does non close. (Helen Bee and Denise Boyd, 2004) Whilst it is meaning(a) that the mother has a sufficient diet it is also important that she does not put on too much weight, this could lead to a cesaren address and be prone to postpartum obesity this includes heart disease and diabetes. agree to the Human Reproduction journal, data was used to look at the risks associated with pregnancy in women over the age of 35, their findings showed that on that point is an increased risk of gestational diabetes, placenta praevia and breech presentation and still birth was higher in erstwhile(a) women. (M Jolly, N Sebire, J Harris, S Robinson and L Regan, 2000)Fortunately, there is a handle of support to help expectant mothers such as doctors, midwives and health visitors. gravid mothers are routinely monitored to check the development of the foetus and are assessed for any complications that may arise, it is i mportant to in stock the doctor of any family impediments so that regular tests can be conducted and support is put in place for the family.The shackle conjecture originated from the work of John Bowlby, he states that all squirtren need to form a bond with someone, not necessarily the mother but the primary(prenominal) caregiver this is fuckn as monotropism. Bowlby said that babies need to maintain proximity to their caregivers. He followed on from Freuds psychodynamic theory and from ethology which is the moot of animal behaviour, to develop his theory about the bonding relationship that develops between parents and children and the disruption to that relationship that can occur through separation, bereavement or emotional deprivation. (Barnes, 1995)Bowlby felt there were 4 stages of attachment, the first stage preattachment occurs in the first few months of life, the child will not show any preference to any caregiver. The second stage is attachment-in-the-making and this is from 2-7 months of age, the child will begin to discriminate between who they know and who they do not know and will have a preference. The third stage is clear-cut-attachment, the child has highly-developed attachments with their main caregivers and will actively attempt them out, they also show signs of distress when they cannot see their caregiver. The final stage is goal-corrected fusion and this occurs from about 2 years of age, the child begins to be aware of the caregivers feelings, up to this time the relationship has been one-sided, now the relationship is being reciprocated. (Peter Smith, Helen Cowie and Mark Blades, 2003)The maternal deprivation hypothesis by John Bowlby came about from a study he did with delinquent boys, the study showed that continued disruption of the attachment between child and primary caregiver resulted in the child struggling to develop relationships with others as well as having emotional and behavioural problems. Bowlby felt there was a cri tical period, if the child had not formed an attachment by the time they were 2, then attachment would not occur, causing the child to then develop issues later in life. Bowlby later amended this to 5 years.Michael Rutter developed Bowlbys theory further by suggesting that if a child does not develop an attachment at all this is privation, but if the child has formed a bond but this bond has been broken this is deprivation. Privation may occur because the child has had a lot of carers, Rutter felt that these children who are not put out when separated will likely go on to be clingy, attention-seeking and as they get older the inability to stick to rules, form lasting relationships and in some cases anti- brotherly behaviour and intellectual development. (McLeod, 2008)As a result of Bowlby and Rutters findings there has been changes in the care environment. Before children without parents would take a breather in orphanages or childrens institutions, now children go into foster car e and be with one family as contrasted to having many carers. Pre-schools now assign a key worker to help children integrate into school life this allows the child to form an attachment with them making the child feel more secure. Previously children staying in hospital would stay on their own now hospitals allow mothers/caregivers to remain with their children so the child is not left alone feeling scared and worried.Peer relationships are important to the neighborly development of the child, it is through interacting with peers that children learn about their social world and how to interact within it.In the home the child will interact with their parents and siblings, Older siblings tend to have a lot of attention with their younger siblings and they act as their attachment figure in weird situations. Research does suggest however that the child will develop their social skills firstly through their parents, parents provide the playmates and watch the interactions ensuring be haviour is good, the parent will also play with the child themselves. Older siblings will be the ones that see the child the rules of socialization.Babies from 2 months old are aware and look at one another, by 6 months they will smile and stare at others and by 1 year they will intentionally smile, frown and use other gestures to their play partner, they are aware of how the other behaves too and queue their behaviour to respond to theirs. From 1 to 2 years the child will play alongside others, this is parallel play. Their interactions last longer and language will become a factor in play as the child moves from 2 towards 3 they begin to understand rules of social exchange and can show empathy towards others. From 3 to 5 years the child