Background Essays - Decolonisation, Sovereignty, Politics

Foundation Starting with the rise of the United States during the 1770s, decolonization occurred with regards to Atlantic history, against the foundation of the American and French upheavals. Decolonization turned into a well known development in numerous provinces in the twentieth century, and a reality after 1945. For instance Great Britain's Thirteen North American states were the first to part from the British Empire in 1776, and were perceived as an autonomous country by France in 1778 and Britain in 1783. The United States of America was the principal set of European set up settlements to accomplish autonomy and set up itself as a country, and was the first free country in the Americas Presentation. Maybe, before we can really see completely what is implied by decolonization I guess it is appropriate to attempt to talk a little on colonization. Reason being that on the off chance that we comprehended what is implied by colonization understanding decolonization would be a minor one. Decolonization (US) or decolonization (UK) is the fixing of imperialism, where a country sets up and keeps up its control over ward regions. The Oxford English Dictionary characterizes decolonization as the withdrawal from its states of a pilgrim power; the securing of political or financial freedom by such colonie The term alludes especially to the disassembly, in the years after World War II, of the provincial realms set up before World War I all through the world. Be that as it may, decolonization not just alludes to the total evacuation of the mastery of non-indigenous powers inside the geological space and various establishments of the colonized, yet it additionally alludes to the decolonizing of the brain from the colonizers' thoughts that made the colonized feel second rate. The United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization has expressed that in the procedure of decolonization there is no option in contrast to the colonizer permitting a procedure of self-assurance, however practically speaking decolonization may include either peaceful unrest or national freedom wars by master freedom gatherings. It might be intramural or include the mediation of outside forces acting separately or through worldwide bodies, for example, the United Nations. Despite the fact that instances of decolonization can be found as ahead of schedule as the compositions of Thucydides, there have been a few especially dynamic times of decolonization in present day times. These incorporate the separation of the Spanish Empire in the nineteenth century; of the German, Austro-Hungarian, Hassock, and Russian Empires following World War I; of the British, French, Dutch, Japanese, Portuguese, Belgian and Italian provincial realms following World War II; and of the Soviet Union (replacement to the Russian Empire) following the Cold War. Decolonization is a political procedure and crucial disguise of the dismissal of colonialist outlooks and standards. In outrageous conditions, there is a war of autonomy, once in a while following an upset. More frequently, there is a unique cycle where arrangements fizzle, minor aggravations follow bringing about concealment by the police and military powers, growing into progressively fierce rebellions that lead to assist exchanges until freedom is conceded. In uncommon cases, the activities of the ace freedom developments are described by peacefulness, with the Indian freedom development drove by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi being one of the most striking models, and the savagery comes as dynamic concealment from the possessing powers or as political resistance from powers speaking to minority nearby networks who feel undermined by the possibility of autonomy. For instance, there was a war of autonomy in French Indochina, while in certain nations in French West Africa (barring the Maghreb nations) decolonization came about because of a mix of insurgence and arrangement. The procedure is possibly finished when the de facto legislature of the recently autonomous nation is perceived as the de jure sovereign state by the network of countries. New Stat/Old State, which means in the global framework Having comprehended what is implied by colonization and decolonization we ought to likewise respond to one more significant inquiry and that is the importance of the expression new express this gets significant in comprehension the criticalness and characteristic of this marvel. It would likewise help in getting them (the new states) exclusively in term old enough, development and improvement. It is deserving of note here that our concept of state here is line with those resulting from Westphalia Treaty of 1648 that offered freedom to all conditions. These were political elements with sorted out government, all around characterized an area, populace and sway. Regarding age new state would be those express that appeared, got autonomy or got decolonized after the W 11 (1945). Dominant part of the nations in Africa, Asia, Latin America just as certain nations in Europe and Oceania which before 1945 were under some type of pioneer rule are instances of New States. We will utilize the

The change essays

The change papers A few instances of administration in the United States are: the International Revenue Service, which gathers charges from residents. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, which investigates violations for American residents. The Postal Service, which conveys mail to residents and the Health Care Financing Administration, which repays states fro cash, spent on social insurance for poor people. An Iron Triangle is the relationship among an organization, a panel and an intrigue gathering. For instance the Department of Veterans Affairs is a triangle comprised of the house and Senate boards of trustees on Veteran Affairs and Veterans associations. These three would make up a solid coalition with one another. The office would do what the board of trustees needed them to do and consequently get political help and spending appointments and the advisory group would do what the office needed and consequently get votes and crusade commitments. The Department of Housing and Urban Developing is additionally and Iron Triangle since it works intimately with city hall leaders and realtors. Another case of this is the Department of Agriculture, which works intimately with structure offices. The Small Business Administration works intimately with congress and credit programs that make it so solid that even the most famous President can't beat them. The Federal Communications Commission works with telecasters and heads of satellite TV organizations. They anyway are feeling the weight of isolated requests originating from both the TV folks just as the supporters. The regular government organization today isn't an iron triangle however an issue arrange. An issue arrange comprises of individuals in Washington based intrigue gatherings, on congressional staffs, in colleges and research organizations, and in the broad communications who consistently banter government approach on a specific subject. The systems are part along political, ideological, and monetary lines. ... <!

Writing an Introduction For Essay

Writing an Introduction For EssayWhy should you write an introduction for essay if you have already prepared your research? I have heard students say they do not need to write an introduction for essay. Why do you need to write an introduction for the essay?As you will realize when you go through your essay, there are two sections. The first is a thesis statement, which is the central part of the essay. It explains why you chose to study a certain topic. The second section is a body of ideas that will support the thesis statement.The first part is called introduction. The introduction has to grab the attention of the reader because they will only read the body part if they are interested in it. The introduction should be as simple as possible. If you use too many words or long sentences, it will just confuse the reader.In the body, you should not spend more than about two or three minutes on each idea. Even if your ideas sound more creative, be sure to answer the question. The import ant thing is to be honest and that you use language that the reader can relate to.Before you write the introduction, write an outline of what you want to say. In this outline, you will create a title and page number for each paragraph. The title is a brief description of what you want to say. The title is the reason people read your paper. You need to place emphasis on the title.In the body, you will go through your ideas using your outline, introducing each idea as you answer the reader's question. It is important to connect the ideas with the introduction. Don't forget to link your body to the introduction. In some cases, you may want to say, 'Youshould keep reading this if you want to learn more about this subject'.After you have written the introduction, you should write the body of your essay. The body should include the supporting information that will back up the introduction. This is especially true if you want to explain the methods that you used in researching your topic.A n introduction for essay is your chance to make the beginning readers of your paper interested in your topic. Write the introduction so you can get their attention.

The Black Legend and its Negative Impact on the Image of...

The Black Legend in Spain William of Orange once stated, â€Å"Spain committed such horrible excesses that all the barbarities, cruelties, and tyrannies ever perpetrated before are only games in comparison to what happened to the poor Indians.† This statement is an example of an attempt to discredit the Spanish. Attempts such as these are known as the Black Legend. The Black Legend was the name given to the concept of cruelty and brutality spread by the Spanish during the 14th and 15th century. This legend demonizes Spain and specifically the Spanish empire in an effort to harm the reputation of them. It was through this propaganda that made other countries look down upon the Spanish empire. The Black Legend threw discredit upon the rule†¦show more content†¦Scholars frequently attribute the Black Legend to Dutch and English Protestant propaganda. According to Anthony Pagden, the Black Legend can be credited to the relationship Spain had with the Netherlands. The Dutch were determined to be i ndependent from Spain and this could have driven them to make the Spanish look bad and in this quote historian Chiyo Ishikawa states this. â€Å"So began a protracted war – it lasted until the Peace of Munster in 1648 – which pitted the Dutch determination to form an independent state against Philip’s single-minded zeal to preserve the religious and territorial integrity of his empire.† The writings of Bartolomà © de las Casas, particularly his Brevà ­sima relacià ³n de la destruccià ³n de las Indias from 1542 is an account about the mistreatment of the native people of the Americas. It has often been described as the first work to contribute to the Black Legend. In figure #1 is a depiction of the treatment of the natives in the New World, drawn by Theodore De Brys for Las Casass writings. De Bry was a Frenchman who traveled around Europe. He was Protestant and had no knowledge of Native Americans and had no love for the Catholic Spanish. Theodor de Bry also engraved figure #2. It shows an attack by Spanish on New World nativesShow MoreRelatedGlobalization Sample Questions7882 Words   |  32 Pagesstatistical terms, the relationship between economic development and urbanization (the % of the nation’s population living in cities) is: a. positive (higher urbanization correlates strongly with high levels of development) b. negative (lower urbanization correlates strongly with high levels of development) c. bi-modal d. no relationship at all 17. According to the discussion in class, and in line with the terminology used in the WMW textbook forRead MoreSelling Human Organs10012 Words   |  41 Pageshave just described [the situation in Iran] – the only country in which there is regulated organ sale. This is not a hypothesis, but a proven fact. Sally Satel: I agree that countries can and should make better use of deceased donation. But even in Spain, which has the world’s highest deceased donation rate, individuals continue to die waiting. Even non-renal organs, which are in lesser demand than kidneys, are not produced in adequate numbers, according to the Spanish National Transplant OrganizationRead MoreInfluence of Immigration on the American Culture and Language14362 Words   |  58 PagesInfluence of Immigration on the American Culture and Language CONTENT Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. The Main Part †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Chapter I In Search of America †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.1. America: Its Image and Reality†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1.2. The Reasons of Immigration to the USA†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3. . The Importance of Religious Beliefs: â€Å"One Nation under God † †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter II The Nation of Immigrants†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 2.1. American beliefs and values†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreSAT Top 30 Essay Evidence18536 Words   |  75 Pages............................................................ 19 Athletes and Sports Stars: Bethany Hamilton (Young surfer and shark-attack survivor)................................................................... 21 Billie Jean King (Tennis legend and women’s rights activist) ................................................................. 23 Jesse Owens (Track star and civil rights icon).......................................................................................... 25 MuhammadRead MoreBrazil Culture17445 Words   |  70 Pagesambitions of Spain, England, and France. For a small nation, secrecy was the only available method of safeguarding the rewards of bold and successful exploration against exploitation by more powerful maritime rivals. The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) settled the question of possession of the new lands between Spain and Portugal. It was agreed that territories lying east of a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands should belong to Portugal, the lands to the west to Spain. This imaginaryRead MorePricing for Convenience Goods12585 Words   |  51 Pagessatisfy consumer wants. Therefore, product strategy involves considerably more than producing a physical good or service. It is a total product concept that includes decisions about package design, brand name, trademarks, warranties, guarantees, product image, and new-product development. The Sears advertisement in Figure 12.1 illustrates the total product concept. In the ad, Sears points out that consumers buy its Kenmore appliances for reasons other than the products functional characteristics. RatherRead MoreNike Report13324 Words   |  54 Pagesobsession, with the latest, hottest sports footwear. The will do almost anything to obt ain the newest craze of Nike, Adidas, Sketchers, K-Swiss or Saucony. The population consists of youth runners, hikers, walkers, and nearly every sport you can image that has a desire to be physically fit and healthy. A study done by McDonald, Milne Rohm for sport marketing research, shows that the demographics of the athletic footwear industry fall into four categories: healthy joggers, social competitorsRead MoreSience23554 Words   |  95 Pagesclimate change? 5. Scroll down to the section â€Å"Small Average Global Temperature Change can have a Big Impact.† (Do not use the large map. Scroll down past it) Describe how global warming might affect the following†¦. a. extreme weather b. ecosystem impacts c. rising sea levels d. ocean acidification e. pests and disease f. agricultural impacts Climate Change and Global Warming   What Is Global Warming And Climate Change? Global warmingRead MoreMerger and Acquisition: Current Issues115629 Words   |  463 PagesArbitrage: An Introduction Greg N. Gregoriou and Franà §ois-Serge Lhabitant 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Merger arbitrage: the strategy 8.3 Key sources of merger arbitrage risk 8.4 Historical performance 8.5 Conclusion 118 118 119 128 132 136 9 The Impact of Cross-Border Mergers and Acquisitions on Financial Analysts’ Forecasts: Evidence from the Canadian Stock Market Alain Coà «n, Aurà ©lie Desfleurs and Claude Francoeur 9.1 9.2 9.3 Introduction Conceptual framework Measures of financial analysts’ forecastRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pages2. Interaction between the Leader, the Followers the Situation Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 11. Leadership: Exerting Influence and Power 94 94 Text Palmer−Dunford−Akin †¢ Managing Organizational Change 2. Images of Managing Change 121 121 147 147 Text 3. Why Organizations Change Text Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 14. Initiating Change 174 174 Text iii Cases 221 221 225 The Consolidated Life Case:

Visual Learning Style Traits and Study Strategies

Do you find yourself drawing pictures of a biology process as you study for an exam? Are you occasionally distracted during lectures, but extra-attentive when watching a video? If so, you may be a visual learner. Visual learners are those who process and retain information best when they can see it. Visual learners often prefer to sit in the front of the class and watch the lecture closely. Often, these students will find that information makes more sense when it is explained with the aid of a chart or illustration. Strengths of Visual Learners Visual learners have many strengths that will help them succeed in the classroom: Good at spelling and grammarComprehends charts and graphs quicklyAble to convey complex ideas visuallyGood at sign language and other visual communicationCreative; may enjoy art or writing Visual Learning Strategies If youre a visual learner, try these techniques to improve your comprehension, retention, and concentration while studying: Ask for a demonstration. Visual learners need to see how something is done. Whenever possible, ask your teacher for a visual demonstration. Once you see the concept or principle in action, youll have an easier time understanding it and recalling it later.Request handouts. Before class begins, ask the teacher if there is a handout you can review during the lecture. Handouts will help you keep track of the information being presented in the lecture.Incorporate white space in your notes. White space is important for visual learners. When too much information is crammed together, it becomes difficult to read. Think of white space as an organizational tool like any other and use it to separate information in your notes.Draw symbols and pictures. Use symbols like exclamation points (for important information), question marks (for information thats confusing or that you need to study further) and stars (for information you understand fully). In addition, consider illustrating complex concep ts or processes.Use flashcards. Flashcards can help you remember key terms and vocabulary words. Create a set of flashcards and illustrate them with relevant pictures and symbols to boost your retention.Create graphs and charts. If you are learning information that can be organized as a graph or chart, take the time to make one. No need to be fancy—just scribble it in the margins of your notebook). Seeing information in this structured format will help you remember it.Make outlines. Outlines are an excellent organizational tool for the visual learner. In an outline, you can structure a large amount of information using headings, subheadings, and bullet points. Outline textbook chapters as you read, then review your outlines when preparing for exams.Write your own practice test. When you make your own practice test, you get to see the relevant test information right in front of you, which is a big help for visual learners. Use study guides, chapter notes, and relevant class as signments to put your original practice test together. Visual Learning Tips for Teachers Visual learners need to see information in order to learn. These students may struggle to pay attention to a conventional lecture, but they process visual information like charts and graphs with ease. Try these strategies to support the visual learners in your classroom: Give visual learners quiet study time to review their notes, outline chapters, or draw diagrams.Play short video clips during class to reinforce concepts discussed during lecture.Avoid cold-calling on visual learners after a lecture presentation, as they need a few minutes to process the information theyve just heard. Instead, give your students a moment to think after the lecture ends, then allow them to provide written answers to questions.Create opportunities for students to express their creativity in class (e.g. poster projects and short skits).

Social Media And International News Coverage - 1520 Words

Terrorist attacks occur around the globe, but how does the location and the target affect the world’s response to the attack? The following will investigate two attacks that occurred in two very different parts of the world at relatively the same time and the reasons for the disparity in their attention on social media and international news coverage. The 2015 Baga Massacre occurred January 3-7 in the Nigerian town of Baga. The series of mass killings was committed by Boko Haram, a Salafi jihadist group. Boko Haram raided the regional Multinational Joint Task Force base, then turned on the locals. Grabbing their machetes, a group of young men fought the attackers off, but a few hours later, Boko Haram fighters returned with increased numbers and opened fire, forcing everyone to run. As many as 15,000 people fled to Chad with another 5,000 seeking refuge 100 miles away in the capital Maiduguri (Fessy). Disputes exist about the number of fatalities, with estimates varying from 150 to 2,000 deaths, part of this indeterminacy is that the government did not make an effort to solidify the death toll and no one stayed behind to count the bodies after Boko Haram ravaged the city (Fessy). On January 7, 2015, two brothers Saà ¯d and Chà ©rif Kouachi attacked the French satirical newspaper offices of Charlie Hebdo in Paris. The newspaper w as known for printing satirized versions of religious and political figures and printed controversial depictions of the Prophet Muhammad, which was theShow MoreRelatedGender Biases in Sport Media Essay1229 Words   |  5 Pagesin Sport Media Introduction In today’s society, it is nearly impossible to imagine our lives without the media. Television, radio, social media, and other types of media are a big influence on our lives and we all use them on a daily basis. They give us our news, provide us with entertainment, and we base a lot of our views and beliefs off of what we see and hear in the media. The media have plenty of positive aspects; however, with the major influence they have on individuals, the media can haveRead MoreEssay on Nonviolent Resistance Helped by Communication Methods1251 Words   |  6 Pageshas become an effective way to achieve social or political goals. Peter Ackerman and Christopher Kruegler, the authors of â€Å"Strategic Nonviolent Conlfict: The Dynamics of People Power in the Twentieth Century,† mention how the appearance of non-violent action as a weapon of choice in resolving conflict is continuously increasing. However, social activists must pay close attention to the relationship betwee n new, mainstream and social media outlets and social movements due to the fact that the successRead MoreGender Stereotyping : A Televised Media Sports Coverage1332 Words   |  6 PagesTelevised Media Sports Coverage Anonymous University of Arizonaâ€Æ' Abstract Sports fans usually acknowledge various sports through different mass media outlets. To develop our comprehension of social qualities inserted in sports and to investigate current values and power structures in regards to men and women, it is important to explore the potential impact that media may have in manipulating conventions about gender-appropriate sport conduct. One question that will be answered is, does mass media influenceRead MoreThe Cnn Effect : An Exploration Of How The International Media1732 Words   |  7 Pages THE ‘CNN EFFECT’: AN EXPLORATION OF HOW THE INTERNATIONAL MEDIA ‘DRAGGED’ AMERICA TO SOMALIA POST 1991 BACKGROUND Mass communication is the process which public messages are transmitted and are directed at large audiences with different values not found at a particular place but in different places. In the media arena globalisation refers to worldwide distribution of the same programme content and the distribution of special interest information that is aimed at a globally dispersed minority audienceRead MoreHow Media Ownership Is Important For People871 Words   |  4 Pagesreceive information from a variety of mass media such as televisions, radios, and newspapers, and also get from new media such as the Internet. This information has affect people who use data for making social and political decisions (Ederstone, 2011, p. 140). Media ownership plays an important role as man in the middle by collected facts from their journalists and spread to general public; also the same information can disseminate to worldwide through new media. The purpose of this assignment is to illustrateRead MoreAl Jazeer A New Imperative Of Competition1452 Words   |  6 Pages In the last decade of the 20th century, Al-Jazeera is constructing a new imperative of competition in the news industry (Radsch, 2007: 1). Ever since Al-Jazeera assists system changes in situation where political movement are dynamic and political transformation process begun to unfold, there is increment of audiences who turn to Al Jazeera as their first news choice (Jamal, 2009 Radsch, 2007). In 2008, Boyd-Barrett and Xie claimed that Al-Jazeera has an estimation of 50 million audiences worldwideRead MoreThe Bombing Of Lahore, Pakistan1641 Words   |  7 Pagesexplosion. The sheer horror and violent nature of the story and the photos as well as the constant international attention on terrorism makes the story impactful and fits with the unfortunately familiar narrative that has developed in the post-9/11 world. The story broke on Easter morning all over the world, and therefore, it fits four of the five criteria that Doris Graber and Johanna Dunaway set in Mass Media and American Politics for how stories are deemed newsworthy (113-114). However, the final criterionRead MoreSea World Research Rescue Foundation Inc.1227 Words   |  5 Pagespublic awareness. Positioning Sea World as â€Å"teach through lively activities† is also a priority. Past media coverage of Sea World has been largely marine mammal topics based, with little substantial discussion around animal conservation or Sea World information. Although the media port of Sea World provides several marine animal contents, it leads to the media relations problem: Sea World s media releases tend to using marketing strategies that have resulted in an increasing lack of credibility inRead MoreThe Russian Revolution Of 20131488 Words   |  6 Pagesattention in Ukraine and media from all over the world started covering the revolution on a daily basis. The Ukrainian Revolution gained big publicity but it seemed that the opinions expressed were differing – especially the ones coming from the Western media between the Russian media. This case study will examine how four different news websites – two western ones and two Russians - framed Ukraine’s Revolution of 2013, by researching the question ‘How Western and how Russian media were covering the eventsRead MoreThe Impact Of Media On Social And Political Decisions833 Words   |  4 Pagesthe information from a variety of mass media such as televisions, radios, and newspapers, and also get from new media such as the Internet. This information has affected to people who use data for making social and political decisions (Ederstone, 2011, p. 140). Media ownerships play an important role as man in the middle by collected facts from their journalists and spread to general public. Also the same information can disseminate to worldwide through new media. The purpose of this assignment is to

Fluid Viscosity Essay Sample free essay sample

In the derivation of Bernoulli’s equation. the premise of the inviscid and incompressible flow is used. However in the existent instance. the viscousness can non be neglect and the denseness of the flow is non ever changeless. Therefore Bernoulli’s equation is non ever correct. For the lab. it is sensible to presume the flow is inviscid and incompressible. First. the Pitot was placed at the centre of the flow. The skin clash ( consequence of viscousness ) is inversely relative to distance. Therefore the consequence of viscousness can be neglected in the Pitot. Second. the velocity of the flow is much lower than the velocity of sound under the sonic status. Therefore. the Mach figure is low plenty to pretermit the alteration of denseness of the controlled volume and the controlled volume is about incompressible. That is why we can gauge the speed of the flow by Bernoulli’s equation and continuity equation. We will write a custom essay sample on Fluid Viscosity Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As a consequence of the viscousness. the internal flow is constrained by the bounding walls and the consequence grows during the full flow. At the inflow part. the flow is about inviscid. After that. the boundary beds are turning along the canal which is called developing profile part. This is because the consequence of viscousness is turning. At the Centre of the canal. there is an inviscid nucleus flow. When the boundary beds are merged. the flow is to the full developed and the speed is non affected by viscousness any longer. Meanwhile the inactive force per unit area lessenings due to the consequence of viscousness ( clash ) . The spread outing country of diffusor green goodss low speed. which increases the force per unit area and inauspicious gradient. The fluid is gluey and the boundary bed is separated as a consequence of the dorsum flow and hapless force per unit area recovery. if the angle is big. The separation will increase the flow losingss. Besides. the larger angle lead s to the earlier separation and heavier flow losingss. If there is an disconnected expansion. because of viscousness. big whirl flow causes the flow losingss and besides higher the turbulency degree of the flow. For the computations. Bernoulli’s equation is used and the force per unit area loss during the flow is neglected. We should look into the sum of force per unit area loss. since the flow is non an exact freestream and the consequence of viscousness influences the concluding consequence. Besides quasi-one-dimensional flow is really a 3-dimensional flow. However. in the computations. the premise that the flow is two dimensional is made. This besides induces mistakes in the consequence. The speed profile in the boundary is affected by the Re figure. The flow speed at the surface of the organic structure is 0. When the velocity of air flow is comparatively low. the Re figure of the flow is little and the speed gradient in the boundary bed is little. However. the thickness of the boundary bed is quiet big in this instance. Comparing with the high velocity air flow. the agitated gesture transportations energy to the boundary bed because of the turbulency in the chief flow. The mean speed near to the surface would be big and the flow would be disruptive flow. Again the flow speed at the surface is 0. So the speed will increase quickly from surface. The speed gradient becomes larger and the thickness of the boundary bed becomes smaller. In general. increasing the surface raggedness promotes disruptive flows over the organic structure surface. since the unsmooth surface makes higher shearing emphasis in the fluid. However. it besides depends on the thickness of the syrupy bomber bed. If the thickness of the syrupy bomber bed is quiet big. there is no consequence caused by unsmooth surface. Merely like solid surfaces stealing over each other. the clash forces retard the comparative gesture every bit good. The surface shear emphasis is produced by the retarding force between next beds with comparatively low speed. In this instance. the beds with higher speed transportation impulse to the lower beds. Using y represent the distance off from the surface. the velocity gradient. dv/dy. is relative the surface shear emphasis. which is caused by the comparative gesture of each bed. At the surface of the organic structure. the velocity of the flow is 0. As Y additions. the velocity of the flow rises up until it reaches the velocity of outer chief flow. which is the freesream velocity. Therefore the surface emphasis merely affects the flow in the boundary bed ( Viscosity consequence ) . Mention Mechanicss of Fluid Bernard MasseyFundamental of AeromechanicssMechanicss of Fluids Irving H. Shames

The Euthyphro Dialogue free essay sample

In this paper I will describe and analyze the Euthyphro dialogue where Plato offered an argument against the divine command Meta- ethical view. In this dialogue, Socrates argued against Euthyphro definition of actions being pious and holy. In Plato’s Euthyphro, Socrates first heard that Euthyphro is trying to prosecute his father for murder. Euthyphro’s thinks that his action was pious, and his definition of piety is doing what the God(s) approve of. Socrates questioned Euthyphro’s definition of action being pious and quickly asks: â€Å"is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved? Socrates presents this premise to argue against Euthyphro definition of piety as he suggests this question. What Socrates has asked is whether something is lovable because the God (s) love it, or the God(s) love it for the reason that something is loveable. He points out this question because it introduces the Euthyphro dilemma. We will write a custom essay sample on The Euthyphro Dialogue or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This dilemma obstructs Socrates to draw the conclusion of what pious and holiness is. Socrates suggests that there are two horns in the Euthyphro dilemma. The first horn that he illustrates is the question of whether moral is loved by the God(s) because it is moral. Socrates points out that if an action is holy then the God (s) will love it. And no matter how the God(s) feels about it, or whether if the God(s) will approve or disprove it, and that action will still be holy. For instance, we all know that rape is impious. No matter how the God (s) think, he cannot change the fact that rape is impious. What this horn implies is that morality is independent of the God(s)’s opinion, and therefore the God(s)’s opinion is bounded by the morality. Following the first horn in the Euthyphro dilemma, Socrates introduces the second horn in the dilemma. As he again asks: â€Å"is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy? Or is it holy because it is loved? † Socrates addresses that the second horn is that the God(s)’s opinion or approval of a certain action makes that particular action pious. In other words, morality is bounded by the God(s)’s opinion. This second horn is also known as the Divine Command Theory. In this theory it claims that the God(s) is goodness. In order for us to judge whether an action is moral or immoral is solely based on whether the God(s) allows us to do it, or prohibits us from doing it. In contrast, the second horn is rather the opposite of the first horn. The first horn states that morality is independent of the God(s)’s opinion, and the God(s)’s opinion is bounded by the morality. Whereas, the second horn states that morality is depending and is bounded by the God(s)’s opinion or approval. The use of the Euthyphro Dilemma by Socrates to argue against Euthyphro’s definition of pious is relatively successful. Here are the analyses of how successful the two horns are in the Dilemma. Suppose the first horn: â€Å"is the pious loved by the god(s) because it is pious† is true, then we can conclude that the God(s) bases his decision what to love on what is already pious. As a result, piety must have existed before any of the God(s)’s love. Otherwise, the God(s) will not love anything since there isn’t any piety. If it is true that piety exists before any love, then it means that piety is independent of the God(s)’s love. And therefore piety is not affected or determined by the God(s). In other words, no matter whether the God(s) loves an action or not, piety still exists on the action. On the other hand, let us assume that the second horn that Socrates presented: â€Å"Is it holy because it is loved? † is true. Then in this point of view, nothing is good until the God(s) loves it. Suppose then, that the second horn: â€Å"It is holy because it is loved† is correct, then on this view, nothing is pious until the God(s) loves it. However, if this is true, then it raises three problems. The first problem is known as the problem of arbitrariness. It comes to this first problem when the God(s) chooses which action to love and to hate. And what the God(s) loves or approves of is based on some property of an action. In other words, the property of the action is what really makes the action pious, not the God(s)’s love or approval. As a result, in order for the God(s) to really make an action pious, the God(s) will have to love and approves the action(s) arbitrarily, with no reason at all. This problem is made worse when if it is true that the omnipotent God can love and approve of anything arbitrarily. For example, if the God(s) approves and loves assassinations or murders, then the action of assassinating and murder will automatically become pious. This doesn’t seem right though that even if the God(s) loves murders and killings and theses actions will still be pious. And therefore, this problem proves the Devine command theory to be false. The problem of caprice is the second problem that exists in the second horn from the dilemma. This problem suggests that the God(s)’s approval and his love for an action might be pious for today, but it might be impious tomorrow. In addition, Socrates explains that if there are many gods, how can things be determined if they are pious or not. â€Å"It would be at all surprising if you were thereby doing something agreeable to Zenus but odious to Coronus and Uranus. This second problem creates a grey area of whether an action is pious or not. Due to the fact that this grey-area exists, it implies that the Devine Command Theory can be false. The third problem that exists in the dilemma is the problem of triviality. We all know that â€Å"God is good† and â€Å"Whatever God does is good†. However, it is no triviality that the God(s) should act in accordance with these values. There is a possi bility that one day at which the God(s) fails to act â€Å"good†, and which it also means that there is a possibility that the Divine Command Theory can become false. By now, we have described and analyzed the two horns in the dilemma that Socrates presents in his conversation with Euthyphro. The use of the dilemma is successful at arguing against Euthyphro’s definition of piety. What Euthyphro defines piety is that doing what the God(s) approve of – The Devine Command Theory. As Socrates suggests the problems within horns from the dilemma, these problems again and again prove that the Devine Command Theory isn’t always right. In other words, what Euthyphro says about piety is doing what the God(s) approves of isn’t going to be true all the time.

Why Acute Angles Are Less Than 90 Degrees

Why Acute Angles Are Less Than 90 Degrees In geometry and mathematics, acute angles are angles whose measurements fall between 0 and 90 degrees or has a radian of fewer than 90 degrees. When the term is given to a triangle as in an  acute triangle, it means that all angles in the triangle are less than 90 degrees. It is important to note that the angle must be less than 90 degrees to be defined as an acute angle. If the angle is 90 degrees exactly, though, the angle is known as a right angle, and if it is greater than 90 degrees, it is called an obtuse angle. The ability of students to identify the different types of angles will greatly help them in finding the measurements of these angles as well as the lengths of the sides of shapes that feature these angles as there are different formulas students can use to figure out missing variables. Measuring Acute Angles Once students discover the different types of angles and begin to identify them by sight, its relatively simple for them to understand the difference between acute and obtuse and be able to point out a right angle when they see one. Still, despite knowing that all acute angles measure somewhere between 0 and 90 degrees, it may be difficult for some students to find the correct and precise measurement of these angles with the help of protractors. Fortunately, there are a number of tried and true formulas and equations for solving for missing measurements of angles and line segments that make up triangles. For equilateral triangles, which are a specific type of acute triangles whose angles all have the same measurements, consists of three 60 degree angles and equal length segments on each side of the figure, but for all triangles, the internal measurements of the angles always add up to 180 degrees, so if one angles measurement is known, its typically relatively simple to discover the other missing angle measurements. Using Sine, Cosine, and Tangent  to Measure Triangles If the triangle in question is a right angle, students can use trigonometry in order to find the missing values of the measurements of angles or line segments of the triangle when certain other data points about the figure are known. The basic trigonometric ratios of sine (sin), cosine (cos), and tangent (tan) relate a triangles sides to its non-right (acute) angles, which are referred to as theta (ÃŽ ¸) in trigonometry. The angle  opposite  the right angle is called the hypotenuse and the other two sides  that form the right angle are known as the legs. With these labels for the parts of a triangle in mind, the three trigonometric ratios (sin, cos, and tan) can be expressed in the following set of formulas: cos(ÃŽ ¸)   adjacent/hypotenusesin(ÃŽ ¸)   opposite/hypotenusetan(ÃŽ ¸)   opposite/adjacent If we know the measurements of one of these factors in the above set of formulas, we can use the rest to solve for the missing variables, especially with the use of a graphing calculator which has a built-in function for calculating sine, cosine, and tangents.

New York City Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

New York City - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the philosophy of the city by taking in consideration three different mediums that represent similar or different aspects of the city. Each person has a different view of the city and the purpose of this paper is to view the city from their perspective. In order to bring about a suitable understanding of the city, three different Medias are taken. These include photographs of the subway by Walker Evans, The Empire State Building and the postcard titled, ‘Future of New York’. Walker Evans, in his representation of New York has taken pictures of random people in the subway without their consent. The Empire State is the landmark for NYC and represents the city in various fronts. The postcard shows a futuristic view of New York, taking in view the rapid pace of development within the city. Thus, each medium has brought forward a different aspect of the city that is apt from their perspective. New York City New York City is one of the most famous and populated cities of USA. This city is the center of all economic activities including education, technology, commerce, trade, art, fashion etc. New York can be termed as the capital of the modern world with its enterprising nature. New York is able to enjoy such popularity on account of it being a city with the port. It is because of this importance of the city that New York continues to be an important part of representing American throughout the world. When people talk about American, they conjure up an image of the lively bustling streets of New York with its diverse population compromising of people from all races, religious and casts.

Law of Accounting Coursework question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Law of Accounting Coursework question - Essay Example It is a well established principle that a contract can come into existence even if it is oral or has been concluded in an informal manner, however, it is important to note that there are certain conditions which must be satisfied for a legally binding contract to be existent. The starting point for the formation of a contract is that there must be an offer made and it should clearly not be an invitation to treat and subsequently there should be acceptance. The next aspect is that of the criterion of consideration, the intent to enter into legal relation the presence of certainty. For an effective evaluation of how a contract is to be concluded can be found in the case of Smith v Hughes1, whereby the subjective as well as the objective test was laid down so as to evaluate the existence of a valid and legally enforceable contract. The subjective test focuses on the intention of the parties who entered into the contract, while on the contrary the objective test looks into what had been said, done, not done by the parties and what the intention of saying or doing was. An important evaluation on the principles of offer and acceptance can be seen from the evaluation of Professor Atiyah, whereby it was reasoned that offer and acceptance is determined by of one of the methods which is ‘reason forwards’ and ‘reason backwards’. Reason forwards takes into account of offer and acceptance and their existence at first and then goes on to reason out and conclude on the dispute at hand and as for reason backwards the most reasonable solution is made out and it then turns around to ascertain from that offer and acceptance. The definition offer is unequivocal willingness by the offeror that is the person making offer to be bound by certain terms and conditions subject to acceptance of the offeree that is the peron to whom the offer is made. There has been a clear distinction which has been drawn by the courts on the area of invitation to treat and offer , however, there have been times when the differentiating was a mere thin line. Invitation to treat has been defined as an expression of willingness to induce another party to enter into negotiations and to make an offer, however, the boundary is, the fact that it is conditional and is therefore not an offer. The case of (Fisher v Bell)2 clearly defined the fact that invitation to treat is merely an expression of willingness of one party to enter into negotiations with another party thereby hoping that eventually offer and acceptance would take place and a valid and legally enforceable contract would come into existence. The thin line and the distinguishing features between an invitation to treat and offer can be seen from the cases of of Gibson v Manchester City Council3 and Storer v Manchester City Council4. The facts in Gibson were that the treasurer in his letter to Mr. Gibson stated that the council was willing to sell Mr. Gibson the house and needed him to make a formal applic ation. The courts looked into the circumstances of the case and in particular the price factor and held to be an invitation to treat. Contrary to Gibson, in Storer the courts held that a valid contract had been created because of the fact that the transaction had moved one step further and was prior to exchange of contracts. Even though it was a very thin line the courts distinguished between the

The Critique of Critical Thinking Essay Example for Free

The Critique of Critical Thinking Essay To think is already an achievement in itself, but to think critically is a lot better than settling with what one already know. To critically think enables the individual to explore new perspectives and world-views, contrary to a dogmatic stance on beliefs and thoughts. To think critically entails a deep and broader look into a subject or system of thought, that to expose an ideology is to not look on its only positive aspects but also to explore more on its adverse   and corresponding developments in that field. A dogmatic world-view will limit the intellect into a specific area of advocacy or belief and it rejects any idea that is outside or alien to the existing thought. This often results in a backward progression of intellectual capability since there is no room for exploration of different ideas. In addition, a restrained or limited intellectual capacity to understand more things does not ultimately guarantee a real grasp of truth. But through critical thinking, there are many accounts and views that may help in achieving a clear understanding of the truth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In line with critical thinking is the ability to take into account other sentiments, world-views and opinions of different people and cultures, combining them into a synthesized argument. The main point of critical thinking is to necessarily limit the borders of thinking into a single belief but also reconsiders other individuals own sentiments and formulating a new idea. This also brings for an opportunity of discourse and not debate since in debate an idea must be defended rhetorically in order to prove its credibility. In discourse however, it consists of a discussion between different individuals with no use of any rhetoric method. The discussions are not limited to a side that would win but the main aim is to create or improve an idea or concept.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In summary, to think critically enables the individual to consider other opinions other than the self.

Music as an Indicative of the History of Puerto Rico :: Culture cultural History Puerto Rican Essays

Music as an Indicative of the History of Puerto Rico During Dr. Lise Waxer’s October 29th lecture she characterized "music" as being indicative of the history of a people, a way of establishing social relations, and being a forum for dialogue. However, upon a critical analysis of the claims within her lecture and the issues discussed within Ruth Glasser’s My Music is My Flag, I believe that modern studies of Puerto Rican popular culture reveal more about the present state of Puerto Rican identity than the historical subjects themselves. It is clear that above all else Puerto Rican musical history, from its evolution on the island and in the diaspora, was created and conditioned by the US colonial system. Therefore, any attempt to elevate its significance may be more of a classed-based attempt to elevate their social position within the context of colonized historical reality. Before embarking upon this analysis it is important to note that Ruth Glasser is not Puerto Rican. Although she is "a nice Jewish girl" studying the history of Puerto Rican music, the fact that she is not Puerto Rican does not exclude her from misinterpreting the significance of her findings (xv). From the onset of her analysis she presents herself in opposition to "the traditional historian’s" assumptions about Puerto Rican history. She claims that "many popular and scholarly assessments suggest that Puerto Rican musicians have left their own ostensibly meager musical resources behind and [have]‘merely’ adopted Cuban sounds" (3). This opinion, she claims, characterizes Puerto Rican musical culture as being "imported," meaning that it has no self-sustaining historical traditions of its own. Such a claim would also challenge Lise Waxer’s claims which characterize Puerto Rican music as a manifestation of Puerto Rican national history. Glasser in turn proceeds within her study to describe the numerous historical traditions of Puerto Rican music. Most prominent among these traditions is the fact that many of the early bands under early US colonial rule began as military bands during the First World War. Indeed, the US army band soldiers were examples of the first musical experience during the Puerto Rican Diaspora because their travels to Europe allowed some musician form "a particularly prominent part of the United States Army’s most famous musical ensembles. [For example] the 369th Infantry "Hellfighters" Band" (54). As professional musician these people benefitted greatly by gaining access to more traditional forms of musical skills.

Learning Not Litigating Essay

Introduction: With the average age of working employees increasing, the amount of people covered under the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) has also grown. With the rise in workers over the age of 40, there has been some indiscretion in regards to the training or lack of training made available to this group. This paper gives an in depth analysis of the findings of Todd J. Maurer and Nancy E. Rafuse in their article Learning, not litigating: Managing employee development and avoiding claims of age discrimination. The article addresses ways to avoid lack of training by creating an environment conducive to continuous learning which promotes employee growth and add value to the employer. The ways older workers have been denied and discouraged from training is explained as well as how the legal ramifications of these actions could hurt an organization. Because of the potential prevalence of age related discrimination, the definitions of terms, conditions and privileges of employment have been defined and may become increasingly actionable. Maurer and Rafuse detail how age discrimination can be avoided in training and development practices. Bringing change and evolution to and organization’s training practices through the use of top-down management training in an attempt to change culture and policies, decisions about who is trained, the supervision of development and bringing awareness to the potential effects of stereotypes. Topic Discussion: Training and Development Opportunities Are Increasingly Important to Today’s Workers Training and developmental activities are of paramount importance when it comes to keeping a company’s workforce competent. For this reason it is important to not only implement training but to also vary the training exercised as there are many forms and people learn in different ways. A few examples listed by Maurer and Rafuse include (but are not limited to) correspondence courses, independent reading, viewing videotapes, technology-based training, job rotation, special committees, and coaching (Maurer & Rafuse, 111). Training becomes important to the older workforce as technological advances occur as well as other innovations alter the way that businesses operate. Because of the ever-changing workplace it is necessary for employees to receive training so that they may adapt and thrive in their working environments. It is not a lack of ability or ignorance to change that is hurting the aging population, it is a lack of employer-provided training that can prevent the growth and progression of an employee. This is why continuous learning has become a prominent factor in the careers of older workers. As business practices change the way an organization operates, the organization needs to increase the amount of training offered to its employees. If there is innovation in business practices then there needs to be innovation in training. In the text Employee Training and Development, Raymond A. Noe discusses Nokia and its definition of continuous learning and how it means that employers support employees’ growth by providing them with the opportunity to develop themselves and to stay technologically current (Noe, 53). This type of environment, especially in a telecommunications company, is important to not only employee growth but also to company growth as the more employees who possess skill and knowledge will likely increase positive performance. The promotion of learning, not the discouragement of learning, will support the aging population and give them the tools necessary to succeed in the workplace bringing about commitment and prosperity to the organization (Noe, 53). Continuous training and learning need to be implemented because the workplace environment has evolved. Maurer and Rafuse allude to this by stating, â€Å"While mid- and late-career stages used to be viewed as periods of maintenance in which workers could avoid learning many new things, most workers now need to continuously learn and adapt† (Maurer & Rafuse, 112). Employees no longer have the ability to simply use what they know until they retire; employees are required to constantly experience gains in knowledge and skill to competitive and productive. The workplace is always changing and brings new challenges which increase the competition for jobs as employers want more knowledgeable and experienced employees. For this reason effectively using the aging workers by combining experience with new skills is in the best interest for organizations (Maurer & Rafuse, 113). Older workers denied access to training Not involving older workers, by failing to nominate, select, or inform them of opportunities to partake in training or development can be seen as a form of discrimination. While there is little documentation on this subject, published articles and literature have suggested that decision makers, whether that be an employee’s manager or a member of human resources, may deny additional training to older workers based on the idea that older workers cannot learn or do not want to learn. Also, if it is believed that an older worker will retire soon, decision makers may be unwilling to provide training to this employee under the assumption that it will reduce the company’s returns on investments. In a study completed by the Department of Labor, 55-64 year old workers are only 1/3 as likely to complete training as their 35-44 year old co-workers (Maurer & Rafuse, 113). In general, organizations that do not place a high value on their older employees do not have active policies or programs in place to advance or develop these employees (Armstrong-Stassen, & Cattaneo). Fewer job growth opportunities are given to older workers as well. Instead of being given job opportunities that are complex, that promote acquiring new skills and learning about different jobs, or that include status or location changes, older workers may be given routine job assignments. While it is difficult to analyze whether this may be a result of discriminatory treatment, the combination of a denial of training and comparatively different treatment of younger works (ex: younger workers receive training while older workers are denied the same training) can be legally supported as age discrimination. Because of the company’s failure to provide training to an older worker, this can result in that employee being denied promotions, being terminated, or being demoted (Maurer & Rafuse, 112-113). It is important to keep in mind that employers are not required to provide training to older workers if systems (computer systems or machinery) have been upgraded – ‘If younger employees adapt without training, then older workers must also’ (Maurer & Rafuse, 113). Older workers discouraged from training A less obvious form of discrimination would be the discouragement or lack of support for older workers to receive training and development opportunities, which can negatively affect terms, conditions, or privileges of employment or the status of an employee. The idea that people change in unfavorable ways with age is a belief held by various individuals, and this belief can affect the perceived ability of older employees’ learning abilities in the regards to the workplace (Maurer & Rafuse, 113). Employees aged 50 and older where described as being ‘inflexible, averse to change, and resistant to learning and understanding new technologies’ in a survey featuring HR executives as the respondents (Maurer & Rafuse, 114). Organization behavior literature has suggested that negative stereotypes may indirectly affect the behavior of older workers by influencing their ideas of what is normal aging behavior; this can lead to older workers conforming to the expectations set by negative stereotypes. In a recent study, regression analysis reaffirmed that older workers who hold greater beliefs that fellow older workers lack the ability and/or desire to further develop their job knowledge or skills are also less likely to have any interest in receiving any training and development activities themselves (Maurer, et all, 15). The more that older workers are exposed to these negative stereotypes and/or perceived discrimination can reduce older workers’ self-confidence, pursuit of learning, self-esteem, personal control, job involvement, and job satisfaction. Within a legal context, the more subtle types of discrimination such as exposure to stereotypes, lack of encouragement and motivation, and lack of access to training and development opportunities are likely to be seen as hostile-environment or constrictive-discharge claims. Since hostile-environment claims require severe and pervasive harassment and constructive discharge claims require that working conditions are so intolerable that a reasonable person would resign, it is difficult to take action against subtle forms of age discrimination in regards to training and development in court (Maurer & Rafuse, 115). What will be Legally Actionable in the Future? Age-related effects on training and development opportunities could become increasingly actionable based on how the courts have defined the terms, conditions, and privileges of employment. In the future, training and development opportunities may become more closely related with job opportunities including promotions, demotions, hiring, transfers, and reductions in the work force. This means that training and development may become the variable that determines an employee’s success or failure (termination) within the workplace. Denying or discouraging older workers access to training or development opportunities would then been seen as more ‘severe’ or ‘intolerable,’ which would lead to more legally actionable hostile-environment and constructive-discharge claims (Maurer & Rafuse, 115). Avoiding Age Discrimination Avoiding age discrimination in the allocation of training and development opportunities is not unlike other forms of discrimination. The best solution is to implement and follow human resource policies that mandate the use of job relevant criteria for decision making. It has also been shown that these same policies can increase the motivation to participate in learning by the workforce (Maurer & Rafuse, 116). There are four major areas in which managers need to evaluate their susceptibility to age discrimination litigation: culture and policies, decisions about training and development, supervision and support, and training managers on ADEA and the effects of stereotypes (Maurer & Rafuse, 116). Within these areas, it is important to focus on differences in access and encouragement. Culture and Policies Opportunities within a company must not be distributed based on anything except job related criteria. By establishing policies that avoid discrimination, a company’s culture will reflect those values. First, human resource policies should specifically state that all decision must be free of discrimination including age biases. These policies must be in plain language and available to all employees. In addition, current policies must be evaluated to ensure there is no intentional or unintentional age discrimination. This examination will help avoid disparate treatment and impact. Culturally, managers must take an active role in disseminating information about opportunities and not rely on informal communication channels. One way to avoid discrimination is to encourage all employees to take part in training, job assignments and job rotations (Maurer & Rafuse, 117). Training & Development Decisions The decision making process for allocating the limited training and development opportunities must be established and described in policy. This will guide managers in making lawful choices. The focus should be on job and task related factors which are best for the company and the most defensible (Maurer & Rafuse, 117). Companies cannot allow managers to give vague reasons for their training decisions because it may be based on stereotypes and ageist assumptions. Often, older employees are thought to fear new technology and cannot learn new skills (Noe, 461-465). A good policy to implement is to ask for self-nominations when it is possible. This will help managers identify motivated employees and provide justification if it is later needed (Maurer & Rafuse, 117). All final decisions to determine which employee should receive training and development resources should be based on who has the ability to benefit from the additional investments. Valid selection and training HR practices not only benefit employee self-efficacy but also the company’s performance from the macro perspective. Research has shown that a company’s performance can significantly change, even within a single year, with job- related selection and training systems (Iddekinge, 2009). There should also be a monitoring and audits of all training decisions to ensure fair distribution. It is illegal to discriminate against women, minorities and people over 40 years old. However, ageist practices tend to do not have the same stigma that workplace racism or sexism carries (Maurer & Rafuse, 117). Supervision and Support Developmental Relationships Beyond having policies that layout proper training and development protocol, managers need to recognize the importance of supporting and encouraging all employees equally. Companies might consider making managers responsible for meeting training and development involvement goals (Maurer & Rafuse, 118). Higher level managers should be receiving feedback from employees on the status of their development needs. This could be used as part of an evaluation that measures a manager’s effectiveness (Maurer & Rafuse, 118). Having open channels of communication between managers and subordinates is necessary to ensure no one feels left behind. Managers can use performance evaluations to encourage more training, get feedback and set goals for career development. Older workers feeling or becoming obsolete because of a lack in development and training can lead to poor performance. Part of the career development plan can be an introduction to new technologies as they become part of the required skills (Noe, 461-465). One factor that managers can use with resource allocation to older workers is plans for retirement if communicated by the employee (Maurer & Rafuse, 117). To further open communication channels and increase opportunities, companies can offer access to careers counselors and programs such as mentoring, apprenticeships and learning networks (Maurer & Rafuse, 118). Train Managers on ADEA The final step in avoiding age discrimination and possible litigation is to train managers and employees on The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA). It would be a good investment for companies to hold training sessions on age-related stereotypes and discrimination regularly (Maurer & Rafuse, 118). There should be a strong emphasis on how stereotypes can affect managerial judgments. These trainings can be extended to employees and new hire orientations to avoid an ageist jokes and criticism which can create a hostile work environment. These sessions are a good time to reinforce a zero-tolerance discrimination policy and by doing so can portray a good faith effort which can help limit liability during litigation. Overall, managers need to understand that older workers are as differentiated and diverse as any other group. Their abilities and motivation to continuously learn and develop vary by the individual. Managers cannot assume retirement age or fail to see an older worker’s ability to grow and be a good investment for the company. Class Questions: * Can anyone think of new technology that can improve or promote employing training and development? * Can you think of ways to encourage, instead of discourage, older workers to take advantage of learning and development opportunities? * What are possible unintentional ageist assumptions in the workplace? Bibliography: Iddekinge, Chad. â€Å"Effects of Selection and Training on Unit-Level Performance.† Journal of Applied Psychology. 94.4 (2009): 829-843. Print. Marjorie Armstrong-Stassen, & Cattaneo, J. (2010). The effect of downsizing on organizational practices targeting older workers. The Journal of Management Development, 29(4), 344-363. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02621711011039150 Maurer, Todd J., and Nancy E. Rafuse. â€Å"Learning, Not Litigating: Managing Employee Development And Avoiding Claims Of Age Discrimination.† Academy Of Management Executive 15.4 (2001): 110-121. Business Source Premier. Web. 9 Oct. 2012. Noe, R. A.. Employee Training & Development. . 4th. New York, NY: Irwin Professional Pub, 2008. 461-465. Print. Todd J. Maurer, Frank G. Barbeite, Elizabeth M. Weiss, Michael Lippstreu, (2008),†New measures of stereotypical beliefs about older workers’ ability and desire for development: Exploration among employees age 40 and over†, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 23 Iss: 4 pp. 395 – 418 United State Senate: Special Committee on Aging. (2011). Retrieved from website: http://aging.senate.gov/issues/olderworkers/index.cfm

The Social Responsibility Of Business - 1437 Words

Is the deception of consumers worth making a profit? The Ford Pinto, popular car of the 1970s, made a profit off of a vehicle that endangered the lives of hundreds of people. In his essay â€Å"Pinto Madness† Mark Dowie, author and Pulitzer Prize nominee, exposed the unethical decisions made by Ford Motor Company. When it came to their customer’s safety and profit for the company, Ford made a decision that led to consequences their customers had to pay the price for. Should the business be held accountable for these actions? In his essay â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profit† Milton Friedman, powerful economist, discusses what a business should prioritize in the economic system. Friedman declares what a business is responsible for and the guidelines they must follow. Due to Friedman’s view, he would not have condoned the actions and decisions that the executives at Ford Motor Company took. Friedman argues that the only responsibility a business has to society is to act in its own self-interest to create revenue and remain successful in the economic system (158).Created to make a profit by providing a task or service, a business must â€Å"use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits† (Friedman 164). A business could use any tactic to gain a profit as long as they remained â€Å"within the rules of the game† (Friedman 164). The rules implied that no deception or fraud could take place while the corporation obtained their profit.Show MoreRelatedThe Social Responsibility Of Business932 Words   |  4 PagesA corporation does do business within a vacuum; rather exist as part of larger collective framework of society, stakeholders and a global business community. I believe that corporations which are profitable, and promote moral and ethical standards are the benchmark of success; additionally, corporations bear a great social r esponsibility to the society it exists within, an simply working within â€Å"the basic rules of society, both those embodied in law and those embodied in ethical custom† is not enoughRead MoreBusiness and Social Responsibility1140 Words   |  5 PagesWhen a business gets incorporated regardless of the business size and the nature of profession requires an adequate execution methods for being successful and to achieve its goals. Some of these goals can be short-term or long-term, depends on the nature of business. 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Friedman argues that the only responsibility a businessRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business1042 Words   |  5 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility is defined as a business preparation that involves participating in creativities that help society. Friedman: The Social Responsibility of Business is to increase its profits. Milton Friedman argues that the only social responsibility a business has is to itself – mainly to its profits, and therefore, its stakeholders. The business management in charge of a company works for the organization and eventually for the stakeholders. This person is responsible for carryingRead MoreThe Social Responsibility of a Business647 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿The Social Responsibility of Business: The role of business in the society became a major aspect across business after Milton Freedman wrote the most provocative article in 1970. As an economist, Freedman stated that the main purpose of businesses is to generate profits for its shareholders. Furthermore, he argued that companies with responsible attitudes were likely to encounter increased binding constraints unlike those that lacked these attitudes, resulting in them becoming less competitiveRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business787 Words   |  4 Pages The economist and Nobel laureate Milton Friedman’s article published in The New York Times Magazine in 1970 titled, â€Å"The Social Responsibility of Business Is to Increase Its Profits.† (NYTimes, 1970) set tone for companies all across the country and all over the world. Companies start to turn in profits that shattered all charts and stock markets. Beginning in 1960s to 1990s, Capitalism had won the cold war with its arch rival the Soviet Union had withered away into the oblivion and the companiesRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business2053 Words   |  9 Pagesevolution-taking place; now the level of a business social responsibility has become increasingly integrated into modern business practices. 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In view of this, this paper will discuss and define the concept of social responsibility of a business to its workers, stakeholders, and society; how the perspectives align with that of Drucker; comparing Cohen’s opinion with that of Friedman and finally determines which of the two individual’s opinion best aligns with the current business climate promotingRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business Essay1959 Words   |  8 Pagesagree or disagree with the following quotation: â€Å"There is one and only one social responsibility of business—to use its resources and engage i n activities designed to increase its profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game, which is to say engages in free and open competition, without deception and fraud.† Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize winning economist. In other words, the social responsibility of business is to make a profit. I do not agree with the following quote by Milton FriedmanRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Business1463 Words   |  6 PagesIn his paper titled The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profits†, Milton Friedman addresses the key issue of weighing social responsibility against profit maximization for shareholders. This conflict is the basis for Friedman’s whole paper, as he explores the two sides of the situation. In order to set up his argument, Friedman lays down a framework by explicitly stating a certain premise. This is that businessman view â€Å"social responsibility† and profit as not being mutually